Summary

Name HMGB1
Full Name High mobility group protein B1
Synonyms High mobility group protein 1, HMG-1 | HMG1
Primary ID P09429
Links - -
Type protein
Relations 11
Function Multifunctional redox sensitive protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. In the nucleus is one of the major chromatin-associated non-histone proteins and acts as a DNA chaperone involved in replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair and genome stability (Ref.71). Proposed to be an universal biosensor for nucleic acids. Promotes host inflammatory response to sterile and infectious signals and is involved in the coordination and integration of innate and adaptive immune responses. In the cytoplasm functions as sensor and/or chaperone for immunogenic nucleic acids implicating the activation of TLR9-mediated immune responses, and mediates autophagy. Acts as danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule that amplifies immune responses during tissue injury (PubMed:27362237). Released to the extracellular environment can bind DNA, nucleosomes, IL-1 beta, CXCL12, AGER isoform 2/sRAGE, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and activates cells through engagement of multiple surface receptors. In the extracellular compartment fully reduced HMGB1 (released by necrosis) acts as a chemokine, disulfide HMGB1 (actively secreted) as a cytokine, and sulfonyl HMGB1 (released from apoptotic cells) promotes immunological tolerance (PubMed:23519706, PubMed:23446148, PubMed:23994764, PubMed:25048472). Has proangiogdenic activity (By similarity). May be involved in platelet activation (By similarity). Binds to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamide (By similarity). Bound to RAGE mediates signaling for neuronal outgrowth (By similarity). May play a role in accumulation of expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) proteins such as huntingtin (HTT) or TBP (PubMed:23303669, PubMed:25549101).

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Relations

Regulator Mechanism target score
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png binding HMGB1 0.612
Publications: 1 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png binding HOXC6 0.3
Publications: 1 Organism: In Vitro
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png binding AGER 0.797
Publications: 1 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png binding HOXD3 0.3
Publications: 1 Organism: In Vitro
+ up-regulates quantity by expression img/indirect-activation.png transcriptional regulation IL2RA 0.2
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png binding TLR4 0.797
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png binding HOXD10 0.295
Publications: 1 Organism: In Vitro
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png binding HOXD9 0.34
Publications: 1 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png binding HOXB3 0.3
Publications: 1 Organism: In Vitro
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png binding HOXB1 0.3
Publications: 1 Organism: In Vitro
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png binding HOXD11 0.295
Publications: 1 Organism: In Vitro