Summary

Name AKT2
Full Name RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase
Synonyms Protein kinase Akt-2, Protein kinase B beta, PKB beta, RAC-PK-beta
Primary ID P31751
Links - -
Type protein
Relations 151
Pathways P38 Signaling and Myogenesis
Inhibitors GSK690693; 3-[1-[[4-(7-phenyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-g]quinoxalin-6-yl)phenyl]methyl]-4-piperidinyl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-one; MK-2206; CCT128930
Function AKT2 is one of 3 closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases (AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3) called the AKT kinase, and which regulate many processes including metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates. Over 100 substrate candidates have been reported so far, but for most of them, no isoform specificity has been reported. AKT is responsible of the regulation of glucose uptake by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the SLC2A4/GLUT4 glucose transporter to the cell surface. Phosphorylation of PTPN1 at 'Ser-50' negatively modulates its phosphatase activity preventing dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor and the attenuation of insulin signaling. Phosphorylation of TBC1D4 triggers the binding of this effector to inhibitory 14-3-3 proteins, which is required for insulin-stimulated glucose transport. AKT regulates also the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen by phosphorylating GSK3A at 'Ser-21' and GSK3B at 'Ser-9', resulting in inhibition of its kinase activity. Phosphorylation of GSK3 isoforms by AKT is also thought to be one mechanism by which cell proliferation is driven. AKT regulates also cell survival via the phosphorylation of MAP3K5 (apoptosis signal-related kinase). Phosphorylation of 'Ser-83' decreases MAP3K5 kinase activity stimulated by oxidative stress and thereby prevents apoptosis. AKT mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 at 'Ser-939' and 'Thr-1462', thereby activating mTORC1 signaling and leading to both phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and in activation of RPS6KB1. AKT is involved in the phosphorylation of members of the FOXO factors (Forkhead family of transcription factors), leading to binding of 14-3-3 proteins and cytoplasmic localization. In particular, FOXO1 is phosphorylated at 'Thr-24', 'Ser-256' and 'Ser-319'. FOXO3 and FOXO4 are phosphorylated on equivalent sites. AKT has an important role in the regulation of NF-kappa-B-dependent gene transcription and positively regulates the activity of CREB1 (cyclic AMP (cAMP)-response element binding protein). The phosphorylation of CREB1 induces the binding of accessory proteins that are necessary for the transcription of pro-survival genes such as BCL2 and MCL1. AKT phosphorylates 'Ser-454' on ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), thereby potentially regulating ACLY activity and fatty acid synthesis. Activates the 3B isoform of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE3B) via phosphorylation of 'Ser-273', resulting in reduced cyclic AMP levels and inhibition of lipolysis. Phosphorylates PIKFYVE on 'Ser-318', which results in increased PI(3)P-5 activity. The Rho GTPase-activating protein DLC1 is another substrate and its phosphorylation is implicated in the regulation cell proliferation and cell growth. AKT plays a role as key modulator of the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway controlling the tempo of the process of newborn neurons integration during adult neurogenesis, including correct neuron positioning, dendritic development and synapse formation. Signals downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI(3)K) to mediate the effects of various growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). AKT mediates the antiapoptotic effects of IGF-I. Essential for the SPATA13-mediated regulation of cell migration and adhesion assembly and disassembly. May be involved in the regulation of the placental development.; FUNCTION

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Modifications Tables

Relations

Regulator Mechanism target score
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation BAD 0.523
Publications: 2 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates quantity by stabilization img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation PKP1 0.267
Publications: 10 Organism: In Vitro
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation CREB1 0.514
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates quantity by stabilization img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation YBX2 0.2
Publications: 1 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ up-regulates quantity by stabilization img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation ATP7A 0.261
Publications: 3 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ up-regulates quantity by stabilization img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation MDM2 0.56
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation ESR1 0.511
Publications: 1 Organism: Chlorocebus Aethiops
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation EP300 0.328
Publications: 2 Organism: Homo Sapiens
Tissue: Muscle
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation MDM2 0.56
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation KHSRP 0.345
Publications: 1 Organism: Rattus Norvegicus
Pathways:P38 Signaling and Myogenesis
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation CASP9 0.528
Publications: 2 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation C2CD5 0.513
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation HTRA2 0.2
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation FOXO3 0.752
Publications: 3 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation FOXO 0.766
Publications: 8 Organism: Homo Sapiens, Mus Musculus
+ down-regulates quantity by destabilization img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation FOXO 0.766
Publications: 3
+ down-regulates quantity by destabilization img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation FOXO3 0.752
Publications: 3
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation FOXO1 0.659
Publications: 2 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation SH3RF1 0.389
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation PPIF 0.2
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation BMI1 0.293
Publications: 1
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation HSF1 0.31
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation BRAF 0.272
Publications: 3 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates quantity by stabilization img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation BCL3 0.27
Publications: 1 Organism: In Vitro
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation TWIST1 0.401
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation PCBP1 0.432
Publications: 1 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ img/unknown.png phosphorylation ACLY 0.288
Publications: 1 Organism: Rattus Norvegicus
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation AKT2 0.616
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/indirect-activation.png phosphorylation AKT2 0.426
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
Pathways:P38 Signaling and Myogenesis
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png dephosphorylation AKT2 0.745
Publications: 4 Organism: Mus Musculus, Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation AKT2 0.729
Publications: 3 Organism: Homo Sapiens
Tissue: Muscle, Skeletal Muscle, Myotube
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png dephosphorylation AKT2 0.605
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png dephosphorylation AKT2 0.623
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png dephosphorylation AKT2 0.2
Publications: 1 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation RALGAPA2 0.452
Publications: 3 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation PTPN1 0.373
Publications: 1 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation CTNNB1 0.57
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation PPARGC1A 0.349
Publications: 1 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation PPARGC1A 0.349
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation NOS3 0.503
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation HSPB1 0.289
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation MAP3K5 0.643
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
Pathways:P38 Signaling and Myogenesis
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation SRSF5 0.364
Publications: 1 Organism: Rattus Norvegicus
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation XIAP 0.42
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation GSK3B 0.621
Publications: 2 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation TSC2 0.73
Publications: 6 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation ANKRD2 0.416
Publications: 1 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation STXBP4 0.423
Publications: 1 Organism: Cricetulus Griseus
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation ADAR 0.2
Publications: 1 Organism: In Vitro
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation STK3 0.261
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation UPF1 0.2
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation CDKN1B 0.53
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation MYO5A 0.457
Publications: 1 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation CHUK 0.527
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates quantity by stabilization img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation POU5F1 0.255
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation AKT1S1 0.674
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation AKT2 0.496
Publications: 1 Organism: In Vitro
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation FOXO4 0.605
Publications: 3 Organism: Homo Sapiens, Mus Musculus
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation PDK1 0.375
Publications: 1 Organism: In Vitro
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation STK4 0.262
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation ADARB1 0.2
Publications: 1 Organism: In Vitro
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation EZR 0.377
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation CYCS 0.294
Publications: 1 Organism: In Vitro
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation AKT1S1 0.674
Publications: 2 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/indirect_inhibition.png AKT2 0.426
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
Pathways:P38 Signaling and Myogenesis
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png chemical inhibition AKT2 0.8
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png dephosphorylation AKT2 0.623
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png chemical activation AKT2 0.8
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation AKT2 0.375
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ img/unknown.png dephosphorylation AKT2 0.623
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png binding CDKN1A 0.682
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation STK3/4 0.262
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/indirect-activation.png MTOR 0.639
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
Tissue: Muscle, Skeletal Muscle
+ down-regulates img/indirect_inhibition.png AKT2 0.25
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png binding AKT2 0.546
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png chemical inhibition AKT2 0.8
Publications: 2 Organism: , Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates quantity by expression img/indirect-activation.png transcriptional regulation JAG1 0.307
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation GSK3A 0.556
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation IKK-complex 0.458
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png dephosphorylation AKT2 0.479
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation TSC 0.679
Publications: 1 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ down-regulates quantity by destabilization img/direct_inhibition.png polyubiquitination AKT2 0.2
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/indirect-activation.png CTNNB1 0.57
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/indirect-activation.png AKT2 0.8
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/indirect-activation.png AKT2 0.319
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
Pathways:P38 Signaling and Myogenesis
+ up-regulates img/indirect-activation.png AKT2 0.645
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/indirect_inhibition.png MAPK14 0.426
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
Pathways:P38 Signaling and Myogenesis
+ up-regulates activity img/indirect-activation.png AKT2 0.7
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png chemical inhibition AKT2 0.8
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png binding AKT2 0.411
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png chemical inhibition AKT2 0.8
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png binding AKT2 0.45
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/indirect-activation.png AKT2 0.672
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png binding AKT2 0.2
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation P300/PCAF 0.302
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
Tissue: Muscle
Pathways:P38 Signaling and Myogenesis
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation ARNTL
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation ATF2
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/indirect-activation.png NFKB1 0.329
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation TBC1D4
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/indirect-activation.png GLI1 0.276
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation mTORC1 0.585
Publications: 2 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png binding AKT2 0.559
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation RAF1 0.45
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens