Summary

Name AKT2
Full Name RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase
Synonyms Protein kinase Akt-2, Protein kinase B beta, PKB beta, RAC-PK-beta
Primary ID P31751
Links - -
Type protein
Relations 143
Pathways P38 Signaling and Myogenesis
Inhibitors CCT128930; GSK690693; MK-2206; 3-[1-[[4-(7-phenyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-g]quinoxalin-6-yl)phenyl]methyl]-4-piperidinyl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-one
Function AKT2 is one of 3 closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases (AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3) called the AKT kinase, and which regulate many processes including metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates. Over 100 substrate candidates have been reported so far, but for most of them, no isoform specificity has been reported. AKT is responsible of the regulation of glucose uptake by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the SLC2A4/GLUT4 glucose transporter to the cell surface. Phosphorylation of PTPN1 at 'Ser-50' negatively modulates its phosphatase activity preventing dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor and the attenuation of insulin signaling. Phosphorylation of TBC1D4 triggers the binding of this effector to inhibitory 14-3-3 proteins, which is required for insulin-stimulated glucose transport. AKT regulates also the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen by phosphorylating GSK3A at 'Ser-21' and GSK3B at 'Ser-9', resulting in inhibition of its kinase activity. Phosphorylation of GSK3 isoforms by AKT is also thought to be one mechanism by which cell proliferation is driven. AKT regulates also cell survival via the phosphorylation of MAP3K5 (apoptosis signal-related kinase). Phosphorylation of 'Ser-83' decreases MAP3K5 kinase activity stimulated by oxidative stress and thereby prevents apoptosis. AKT mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 at 'Ser-939' and 'Thr-1462', thereby activating mTORC1 signaling and leading to both phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and in activation of RPS6KB1. AKT is involved in the phosphorylation of members of the FOXO factors (Forkhead family of transcription factors), leading to binding of 14-3-3 proteins and cytoplasmic localization. In particular, FOXO1 is phosphorylated at 'Thr-24', 'Ser-256' and 'Ser-319'. FOXO3 and FOXO4 are phosphorylated on equivalent sites. AKT has an important role in the regulation of NF-kappa-B-dependent gene transcription and positively regulates the activity of CREB1 (cyclic AMP (cAMP)-response element binding protein). The phosphorylation of CREB1 induces the binding of accessory proteins that are necessary for the transcription of pro-survival genes such as BCL2 and MCL1. AKT phosphorylates 'Ser-454' on ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), thereby potentially regulating ACLY activity and fatty acid synthesis. Activates the 3B isoform of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE3B) via phosphorylation of 'Ser-273', resulting in reduced cyclic AMP levels and inhibition of lipolysis. Phosphorylates PIKFYVE on 'Ser-318', which results in increased PI(3)P-5 activity. The Rho GTPase-activating protein DLC1 is another substrate and its phosphorylation is implicated in the regulation cell proliferation and cell growth. AKT plays a role as key modulator of the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway controlling the tempo of the process of newborn neurons integration during adult neurogenesis, including correct neuron positioning, dendritic development and synapse formation. Signals downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI(3)K) to mediate the effects of various growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). AKT mediates the antiapoptotic effects of IGF-I. Essential for the SPATA13-mediated regulation of cell migration and adhesion assembly and disassembly. May be involved in the regulation of the placental development.; FUNCTION

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Modifications Tables

Relations

Regulator Mechanism target score
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation BAD 0.521
Publications: 2 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates quantity by stabilization img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation PKP1 0.267
Publications: 10 Organism: In Vitro
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation CREB1 0.511
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates quantity by stabilization img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation YBX2 0.2
Publications: 1 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ up-regulates quantity by stabilization img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation ATP7A 0.261
Publications: 3 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ up-regulates quantity by stabilization img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation MDM2 0.558
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation ESR1 0.513
Publications: 1 Organism: Chlorocebus Aethiops
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation EP300 0.329
Publications: 2 Organism: Homo Sapiens
Tissue: Muscle
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation MDM2 0.558
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation KHSRP 0.346
Publications: 1 Organism: Rattus Norvegicus
Pathways:P38 Signaling and Myogenesis
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation CASP9 0.525
Publications: 2 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation HTRA2 0.2
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates quantity by destabilization img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation FOXO 0.765
Publications: 3
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation FOXO3 0.751
Publications: 3 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates quantity by destabilization img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation FOXO3 0.751
Publications: 3
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation FOXO 0.765
Publications: 8 Organism: Homo Sapiens, Mus Musculus
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation FOXO1 0.657
Publications: 2 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation SH3RF1 0.39
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation PPIF 0.2
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation BMI1 0.294
Publications: 1
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation BRAF 0.273
Publications: 3 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates quantity by stabilization img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation BCL3 0.27
Publications: 1 Organism: In Vitro
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation PCBP1 0.434
Publications: 1 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ img/unknown.png phosphorylation ACLY 0.288
Publications: 1 Organism: Rattus Norvegicus
+ up-regulates activity img/indirect-activation.png phosphorylation AKT2 0.424
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
Pathways:P38 Signaling and Myogenesis
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png dephosphorylation AKT2 0.603
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png dephosphorylation AKT2 0.621
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png dephosphorylation AKT2 0.2
Publications: 1 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation AKT2 0.728
Publications: 3 Organism: Homo Sapiens
Tissue: Muscle, Skeletal Muscle, Myotube
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png dephosphorylation AKT2 0.744
Publications: 4 Organism: Homo Sapiens, Mus Musculus
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation RALGAPA2 0.45
Publications: 3 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation PTPN1 0.374
Publications: 1 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation CTNNB1 0.568
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation PPARGC1A 0.35
Publications: 1 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation PPARGC1A 0.35
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation NOS3 0.501
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation HSPB1 0.29
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation MAP3K5 0.642
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
Pathways:P38 Signaling and Myogenesis
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation SRSF5 0.365
Publications: 1 Organism: Rattus Norvegicus
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation XIAP 0.422
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation GSK3B 0.62
Publications: 2 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation TSC2 0.729
Publications: 6 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation ANKRD2 0.417
Publications: 1 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation STXBP4 0.425
Publications: 1 Organism: Cricetulus Griseus
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation ADAR 0.2
Publications: 1 Organism: In Vitro
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation STK3 0.261
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation UPF1 0.2
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation CDKN1B 0.528
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation MYO5A 0.454
Publications: 1 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation CHUK 0.525
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates quantity by stabilization img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation POU5F1 0.256
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation AKT1S1 0.672
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation AKT2 0.494
Publications: 1 Organism: In Vitro
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation FOXO4 0.604
Publications: 3 Organism: Homo Sapiens, Mus Musculus
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation PDK1 0.377
Publications: 1 Organism: In Vitro
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation STK4 0.262
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation ADARB1 0.2
Publications: 1 Organism: In Vitro
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation EZR 0.378
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation CYCS 0.294
Publications: 1 Organism: In Vitro
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png dephosphorylation AKT2 0.621
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation IKK-complex 0.456
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png binding AKT2 0.2
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/indirect-activation.png GLI1 0.276
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation mTORC1 0.583
Publications: 2 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/indirect-activation.png AKT2 0.67
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png phosphorylation P300/PCAF 0.303
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
Tissue: Muscle
Pathways:P38 Signaling and Myogenesis
+ down-regulates activity img/indirect_inhibition.png AKT2 0.424
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
Pathways:P38 Signaling and Myogenesis
+ up-regulates img/indirect-activation.png AKT2 0.8
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation AKT1S1 0.672
Publications: 2 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/direct-activation.png chemical activation AKT2 0.8
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png binding AKT2 0.408
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/indirect-activation.png NFKB1 0.33
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png binding AKT2 0.544
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ img/unknown.png dephosphorylation AKT2 0.621
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/indirect-activation.png AKT2 0.7
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png chemical inhibition AKT2 0.8
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/indirect-activation.png AKT2 0.644
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates quantity by expression img/indirect-activation.png transcriptional regulation JAG1 0.308
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png binding CDKN1A 0.681
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation STK3/4 0.262
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png chemical inhibition AKT2 0.8
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation RAF1 0.448
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png binding AKT2 0.558
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png chemical inhibition AKT2 0.8
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/indirect-activation.png MTOR 0.638
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
Tissue: Muscle, Skeletal Muscle
+ down-regulates img/indirect_inhibition.png AKT2 0.25
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png chemical inhibition AKT2 0.8
Publications: 2 Organism: , Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/indirect-activation.png AKT2 0.32
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
Pathways:P38 Signaling and Myogenesis
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation GSK3A 0.554
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates img/direct-activation.png binding AKT2 0.448
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ up-regulates activity img/indirect-activation.png CTNNB1 0.568
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates quantity by destabilization img/direct_inhibition.png polyubiquitination AKT2 0.2
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/direct_inhibition.png phosphorylation TSC 0.677
Publications: 1 Organism: Mus Musculus
+ down-regulates img/direct_inhibition.png dephosphorylation AKT2 0.476
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
+ down-regulates activity img/indirect_inhibition.png MAPK14 0.424
Publications: 1 Organism: Homo Sapiens
Pathways:P38 Signaling and Myogenesis